長城不銹鋼管
長城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)知(zhi)識擴(kuo)展： 長城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)冷(leng)(leng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)要(yao)求(qiu):由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)長城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)具有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)拉強度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)硬度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，其抵(di)抗(kang)(kang)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力較(jiao)高(gao)，在(zai)筒體、封頭(tou)冷(leng)(leng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎曲作用力就(jiu)要(yao)大(da)(da)得(de)多；另外，冷(leng)(leng)塑性(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)變(bian)會(hui)(hui)惡(e)化雙相(xiang)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)應(ying)(ying)力腐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)能，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)建(jian)議鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)率(lv)超過(guo)(guo)１０％時(shi)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)應(ying)(ying)對(dui)其進(jin)行(xing)固溶處(chu)理(li)(li)。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板變(bian)形(xing)(xing)率(lv)：ε＝１．５δ／２Ｒ（２）式中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) δ———鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名義厚度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，ｍｍ； Ｒ———鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板彎曲變(bian)形(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)半徑(jing)，ｍｍ。固溶處(chu)理(li)(li)后(hou)(hou)(hou)再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)金(jin)相(xiang)檢驗，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)長城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)鐵(tie)素(su)(su)(su)體含(han)量(liang)(liang)５０％～５５％為(wei)最佳。長城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)，表面應(ying)(ying)力大(da)(da)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)作用力大(da)(da)，表面缺(que)陷容易誘發開(kai)裂(lie)；因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)表面應(ying)(ying)做表面檢測，并消除表面缺(que)陷。鐵(tie)素(su)(su)(su)體相(xiang)會(hui)(hui)使工件冷(leng)(leng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)仍(reng)具有(you)方向性(xing)(xing)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)直邊余量(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)等，建(jian)議下(xia)料(liao)(liao)(liao)尺寸應(ying)(ying)比不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)略大(da)(da)。 熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)要(yao)求(qiu) 長城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)熱(re)加(jia)(jia)工成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)好始(shi)壓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)終壓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，為(wei)了(le)避免產生脆(cui)化現象，如(ru)長城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)１２３０～１０２５℃范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內進(jin)行(xing)熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)操作，熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)立即進(jin)行(xing)固溶處(chu)理(li)(li)。如(ru)果熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)太低(di)(di)，變(bian)形(xing)(xing)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)聚集在(zai)較(jiao)弱而且塑性(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)素(su)(su)(su)體，結果造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鐵(tie)素(su)(su)(su)體在(zai)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重開(kai)裂(lie)。如(ru)果熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)太高(gao)，則鐵(tie)素(su)(su)(su)體變(bian)得(de)非常(chang)軟且可(ke)能發生熱(re)撕裂(lie)。實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)給定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)進(jin)行(xing)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)鐵(tie)素(su)(su)(su)體和(he)奧(ao)氏體都有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)塑性(xing)(xing)；因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)工藝中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)及溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)均勻是一(yi)個難點。 ２５０７不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)操作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)注意以下(xia)幾點： （１）由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雙相(xiang)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)室(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)，扭(niu)曲變(bian)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品再(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)或矯直比奧(ao)氏體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)困(kun)難，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)在(zai)固溶溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)，對(dui)薄壁、大(da)(da)口徑(jing)工件設置足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐十分必要(yao)。 （２）４７５℃脆(cui)化區(qu)一(yi)般(ban)會(hui)(hui)在(zai)３５０～５２５℃溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內出(chu)現，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)操作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嚴(yan)格(ge)禁止在(zai)此(ci)(ci)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內作業(ye)。 （３）坯(pi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)出(chu)爐后(hou)(hou)(hou)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)降迅(xun)速，散熱(re)快，很(hen)快可(ke)達(da)脆(cui)化區(qu)；因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)出(chu)爐至(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)時(shi)間應(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)(liang)縮短(duan)，封頭(tou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)脫模溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)９５０℃。熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)議對(dui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)進(jin)行(xing)嚴(yan)格(ge)監控(kong)。 （４）坯(pi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)在(zai)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，當(dang)(dang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)６００℃時(shi)可(ke)以適當(dang)(dang)減(jian)小加(jia)(jia)熱(re)速率(lv)，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)升至(zhi)８００℃左右時(shi)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)速率(lv)可(ke)以適當(dang)(dang)提高(gao)。 （５）由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)會(hui)(hui)使材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)金(jin)相(xiang)失去(qu)相(xiang)平衡(heng)，進(jin)而影響材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力學性(xing)(xing)能和(he)耐(nai)腐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)能。熱(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)應(ying)(ying)立即進(jin)行(xing)固溶熱(re)處(chu)理(li)(li)。
長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管需(xu)求形(xing)(xing)勢將(jiang)趨向好轉(zhuan)，而非惡化。蘭格鋼(gang)鐵(tie)預計，今(jin)年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)石進口(kou)量將(jiang)達到(dao)9億噸(dun)，比上年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)10%左右。如果(guo)下(xia)(xia)半年(nian)國(guo)際市場鐵(tie)礦(kuang)石價格一直低于100美(mei)元/噸(dun)，甚至(zhi)(zhi)逼(bi)近90美(mei)元/噸(dun)，全年(nian)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)石進口(kou)量有(you)可能接近10億噸(dun)。與中(zhong)國(guo)經濟正從(cong)(cong)高速增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)轉(zhuan)入中(zhong)低速增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)常(chang)(chang)態類似，當下(xia)(xia)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)工業也在(zai)(zai)尋求屬于自己(ji)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)常(chang)(chang)態。在(zai)(zai)薛和平(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)眼中(zhong)，第二(er)產(chan)業對經濟增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)貢(gong)獻(xian)下(xia)(xia)降，正成為我國(guo)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)供需(xu)總量調整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)常(chang)(chang)態，從(cong)(cong)而形(xing)(xing)成鋼(gang)鐵(tie)供需(xu)同(tong)步低速增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)特點(dian)。從(cong)(cong)需(xu)求層面來(lai)看(kan)，去年(nian)四季度以來(lai)，長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管行(xing)業需(xu)求增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速不(bu)斷回(hui)落，已基本處于停滯狀態，長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管行(xing)業開始進入階(jie)段性的(de)(de)峰值平(ping)(ping)臺區域。至(zhi)(zhi)少未來(lai)五年(nian)內，鋼(gang)鐵(tie)行(xing)業整(zheng)(zheng)體需(xu)求增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速將(jiang)放緩(huan)至(zhi)(zhi)1%~3%，甚至(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)排除個別(bie)時段的(de)(de)負增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)。
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